With the potential that Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas was likely to run again for the presidency, the PRI needed to field someone who could garner votes. He attributed De la Madrid's remarks to his old age (71 years old as of 2005[update]) and the remarks being taken out of context by journalist Carlos Loret de Mola. [citation needed]. “Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Mexican Authoritarianism.” Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos, vol. [23], Salinas was tapped by President Miguel de la Madrid to serve as Minister of Planning and Budget in 1982, a position that De la Madrid himself had previously held. The economically orthodox thing to do, in order to maintain the fixed exchange rate (at 3.3 pesos per dollar, within a variation band), would have been to sharply increase interest rates by allowing the monetary base to shrink, as dollars were being withdrawn from the reserves. 34, no. The Mexican military to a lesser extent was corrupted, along with politicians, and some journalists. According to one assessment, "While the 1992 textbook controversy disclosed new support for the regime from the right, it also revealed an erosion of support and discipline within officialdom. It has been considered a quid pro quo agreement. “Public Opinion of the Economy and the President among Mexico City Residents: The Salinas Sexenio.” Latin American Research Review, vol. [92] On 5 December 2018, he attended George H. W. Bush's funeral. [23], Cecilia Occelli González served as First Lady of Mexico from 1988 to 1994 during the Salinas presidency. Carlos Salinas de Gortari was born in Mexico City, Mexico on 3 April 1948, the son of Commerce Minister Raul Salinas Lozano and the brother of Raul Salinas de Gortari. Moreover, Mexico became member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Serrano, Mónica and Victor Bulmer-Thomas, eds. [18] They were also exonerated with the assistance of Gilberto Bolaños Cacho, maternal uncle of legendary Mexican comedian Chespirito,[19] who is also nephew to Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, who became president of Mexico in 1964. In the cabinet, Salinas's main rival was Jesús Silva Herzog, Minister of Finance. The Salinas family would not receive back any of the frozen funds. ", Luz María de la Mora, "North American Free Trade Agreement" in. In the 1980s, the church saw electoral participation reform and fighting electoral fraud as an issue. 4, 2001, pp. 91–126. [4], An economist, Salinas de Gortari was the first Mexican president since 1946 who was not a law graduate. The agreement was a reversal of Mexico's longstanding policies of economic nationalism and anti-Americanism and was intended to create a single market. Villarreal, Andres. [23] Soon after leaving office, Salinas traveled to New York City to take a break from Mexican politics. As the declared winner of a highly contested election, he had the task of restoring his own legitimacy and that of his party when he took office. Increasingly there was the impression that Salinas would reverse his decision for Colosio, substituting someone else, perhaps Manuel Camacho. [11] As a consequence, less than a month after Salinas left office, Mexico entered into one of the worst economic crises of its history. During this time Raul was convicted, and family troubles continued as another brother, Enrique, was murdered in 2004. [82] In 2008, the government of Switzerland turned over $74 million, out of the $110 million in frozen bank accounts held by Raúl Salinas, to the government of Mexico. The Catholic Church and the Mexican government has had a historically fraught relationship, with restrictions on the church's role in national life. Carlos Salinas de Gortari, (born April 3, 1948, Mexico City, Mexico), economist and politician who was president of Mexico from 1988 to 1994. It did not prioritize funding for Mexico's poorest states, but rather to states with middle-income populations where elections were most contested and where the PRI had lost. It was known that the peso was overvalued, but the extent of the Mexican economy's vulnerability was either not well known or downplayed by both the Salinas administration and the media. [15], In another national survey conducted in 2012 by BGC-Excelsior about former Presidents, Salinas de Gortari by far received the worst rating: 20% of the respondents considered that his administration was "very good" or "good", 13% of the responded considered that it was an "average" administration, and 66% of the respondents considering that it was a "bad" or "very bad" administration.[94]. Salinas prevented Colosio from going to Chiapas, while the explanation that his presence there would complicate the situation. “Mexican Church-State Relations Under President Carlos Salinas De Gortari.” Journal of Church and State, vol. Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano, son of President Lázaro Cárdenas, registered as an opposing candidate from a left-wing coalition called Frente Democrático Nacional. Zedillo had been Secretary of Education, a relatively unimportant ministry; he had resigned to run the campaign of Colosio. "Not in their worst nightmares could the lords of the PRI have imagined what would happen to them on the sixth of July 1988. [23] They moved to Boston, where Salinas was completing his master's and doctorate at Harvard University. [21], Salinas attended the National Autonomous University of Mexico as an undergraduate, studying economics. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1051868. [65], The uprising in Chiapas on 1 January 1994 coincided with the date that the NAFTA came into effect. In November 1995, Raúl's wife, Paulina Castañón, and his brother-in-law, Antonio Castañón, were arrested in Geneva, Switzerland, after attempting to withdraw US$84 million from an account owned by Raúl Salinas under an alias. Salinas also forged other alliances within the circles of power and did not directly compete with De la Madrid for public attention. Salinas, quoted in Roberto Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach.". The banking system (that had been nationalized by José López Portillo) was privatized.[6][40]. “Learning the Limits of Power: Privatization and State-Labor Interactions in Mexico.” Latin American Politics and Society, vol. The PRD originated from the Democratic Current, a political faction formed in 1986 from the PRI. “La Política Mexicana Hacia Cuba Durante El Sexenio De Salinas De Gortari: Más Allá De La Ideología.” Foro Internacional, vol. The implementation of reforms entailed amending the 1917 constitution, but before that overcoming opposition on the Left but also in the Catholic Church itself. [71] After a few days of weighing his options, Salinas chose Colosio's campaign manager, Ernesto Zedillo, former Minister of Education, as the new PRI candidate for the presidency. 2, 1999, p. 131 JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2503915 accessed 21 March 2019, Killing of Ex-President's Brother is Still a Mystery, Secretary of Programming and Budget of Mexico, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, History of the Catholic Church in Mexico § Salinas, the Vatican, and Reform of the Constitution, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "El árbol genealógico de los herederos de Los Pinos", Ex-President in Mexico Casts New Light on Rigged 1988 Election, "Salinas Prepares Mexican Agriculture for Free Trade", "Former President Salinas Departs Mexico", "The peso crisis, ten years on: Tequila slammer", Tres Niñitos 'Fusilaron' a una Sirvienta, "Las Esposas de Carlos Salinas de Gortari", "Refuta Bartlett declaraciones de Miguel de la Madrid", "Ex-President in Mexico Casts New Light on Rigged 1988 Election", "Mexico Invites U.N. to Attend Election to Observe the Observers", https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/16/world/in-mexico-drug-roots-run-deep.html?pagewanted=1, "La Única línea es que no tenemos línea", https://web.archive.org/web/20061115072642/http://www.ife.org.mx/documentos/RESELEC/nuevo_1994/pres_94/nac_edo/nac_pre_94.html, "the act of killing yourself intentionally: I lost my younger brother to suicide. Salinas abandoned his campaign -which had been backed by the United States- to become the Director-General of the World Trade Organization and left Mexico City, going to Monterrey where he staged a publicized hunger strike in the home of a PRI supporter. This, in turn, caused an even more dramatic decline in the dollar reserves. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Dennis Gilbert, "Rewriting History: Salinas, Zedillo and the 1992 Textbook Controversy. On 18 December 1951, when he was three years old, he was playing with his older brother Raúl, then five, and an eight-year-old friend when they found a loaded rifle, and one of them shot and killed the Salinas family's twelve-year-old maid, Manuela. With this important appointment, he was in the public limelight again. Salinas himself continued to function as a grey eminence behind the PRI machine, grooming each election's presidential candidate with the support of fellow old-guard PRI politicians. There is evidence that Salinas and Colosio began to disagree, not unusual after the electoral transfer, but this occurred prior to it. [23] The couple divorced later in 1995. "[56], The centerpiece of Salinas's presidency was his successful negotiation with the U.S. and Canada to create the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which came into effect on 1 January 1994. Those considered for the position were Manuel Camacho and Colosio, with earlier contenders, such as Jesús Silva Herzog and Pedro Aspe being eliminated. [a] His presidency was characterized by the entrenchment of the neoliberal, free trade economic policies initiated by his predecessor Miguel de la Madrid in observance of the Washington Consensus, mass privatizations of state-run companies, Mexico's entry into NAFTA,[5] negotiations with the right-wing opposition party PAN to recognize their victories in gubernatorial elections in exchange for supporting Salinas' policies,[6] normalization of relations with the Catholic clergy,[7] and the adoption of a new currency, among other things. [60] Critics say that NAFTA has had mixed results for Mexico: while there has been huge increase in commerce and foreign investment, this has not been at all the case for employment and salaries. He then argued that he had talked to Zedillo of a possibility of "sharing the burden" of the devaluation by allowing the peso to devaluate a certain percent before his term was over, and the rest of the necessary devaluation would have been done during Zedillo's administration. "[63] At the time Salinas made the choice, popularity and credibility was high over the course of his presidency,[64] but a series of events in the final year of his presidency changed that. Omissions? He abandoned that unsuccessful strategy and peace talks were subsequently re-established. [15], Carlos Salinas was born 3 April 1948, the second son and one of five children of economist and government official Raúl Salinas Lozano and Margarita De Gortari De Salinas. Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico", p. 2. Silva Herzog made missteps in his ministry, which Salinas capitalized on, forcing his resignation.[24]. Arturo Warman, Minister of Agrarian Reform, was sent to Monterrey to persuade Salinas to return to Mexico City. Carlos Salinas de Gortari, Inaugural Address (Dec. 1, 1988) quoted in Jorge A. Vargas, "Freedom of Religion and Public Worship in Mexico: A Legal Commentary on the 1992 Act on Religious Matters". It was a key cabinet position since Mexico was in dire financial circumstances following the presidency of José López Portillo, who as a desperate measure had nationalized the banks in Mexico and expropriated dollar-denominated savings accounts. Which of these men lived in South America? Bruhn, Kathleen. In 1991–92 his government co-negotiated the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which reduced tariffs between Mexico, the United States, and Canada when it went into effect in 1994. "), Salinas established the National Solidarity Program (PRONASOL), a social welfare program, as a way to directly aid poor Mexicans, but also create a network of support for Salinas. He earned a master's degree in Public Administration from Harvard University in 1973 and went on to earn a PhD from Harvard's Kennedy School of Government in 1978. In 1990, Salinas had traveled to Europe to attract non-North American capital investment, but dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Soviet bloc opened them to foreign investment; Mexico was less attractive to them and Salinas turned to North America. 25 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 497-559 (1996). Biography. As president, Salinas continued Madrid’s program of economic retrenchment and privatization. 34, no. During his term, the peso devalued from 2.65 MXP to 3.60 MXN per U.S. dollar by November 30, 1994, the last day of his term; thus the peso devalued far less than it had in the two previous terms. [23], Salinas married his second wife, Ana Paula Gerard Rivero, shortly after his divorce from Occelli. "[25] Carlos Salinas had become presidential candidate in a difficult time for the PRI which for the first time was faced by significant opposition from the left (National Democratic Front) and from the right (National Action Party, PAN). the Ministries of Finance and Planning and Budget became the most powerful positions to deal with the economic crisis. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. With the help of Carlos Salinas de Gortari the four men, Joaquin Varela, Rogelio Arroyo, Ignacio Varela, and Isauro Sanchez, had their sentences commuted, later pardoned by Governor Jim Edgar. [74] In keeping with the PRI election-year practices, Salinas launched a spending spree to finance popular projects, which translated into a historically high deficit. The First Ibero-American Summit was held and the Chapultepec Peace Accords, a peace agreement for El Salvador, were signed. On election day July 6, 1988, the system "crashed", and when it was finally restored, Carlos Salinas was declared the official winner. He also played a major role in the rise of Conrado Higuera Sol, who worked as his henchman during the 2000s and 2010s. Salinas's Brother Charged in Mexican Assassination, quoted in Jane Bussey, "Carlos Salinas de Gortari" in. That same year he married his second wife, Ana Paula Gerard. Zedillo had never held elective office, sharing that trait with De la Madrid and Salinas, but Zedillo was not otherwise experienced politically. Luz María de la Mora, "North American Free Trade Agreement", p. 1021. [27] Suspicions later grew as Congress voted (with support from the Revolutionary Institutional and National Action parties)[28] to destroy without opening the electoral documentation. Mexican proponents of NAFTA saw it in a way to secure markets for its exports and attract foreign investment, and create jobs, help the government to be able to service its foreign debt, and overall, promote economic recovery. Salinas's father served as President Adolfo López Mateos's minister of industry and commerce, but was passed over as the PRI's presidential candidate in favor of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1964–70). [32] The election had shown that much of the public desired reform, but Salinas appointed PRI hard-liners ("dinosaurs") to his cabinet, including Fernando Gutiérrez Barrios to the Ministry of the Interior; Manuel Bartlett to the Ministry of Education; and Carlos Hank González to Agriculture. This period of rapid growth coupled with low inflation prompted some political thinkers and the media to state that Mexico was on the verge of becoming a "First World nation". [23] Patricio Gerónimo Gerardo was born 1998, while their youngest son, Mateo, was born in 2006. Drug trafficking is highly lucrative for those involved with it, and Mexico's weak law enforcement and judicial system could not prevent the wide-scale involvement of Mexico's poorly-paid police from being corrupted. [23] Their oldest daughter, Cecilia, was born on January 22, 1974. [23], In January 1999, after a four-year trial, Salinas' older brother Raúl was convicted of ordering the murder of the PRI official (and Salinas' brother-in-law) José Francisco Ruiz Massieu and sentenced to 50 years in prison. By having announced its plans for devaluation, they argue that many foreigners withdrew their investments, thus aggravating the effects. The Party of the Revolution Democracy (PRD, Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática) is a social democratic political party in Mexico.. Williams, Mark Eric. As the 1994 presidential election approached, Salinas had the crucial decision to designate the candidate for the PRI; that person had always gone on to win the presidential election. The candidate of the PAN was Manuel Clouthier. During a television interview in September 2005, Miguel de la Madrid acknowledged that the PRI lost the 1988 elections. [66][67][68] The Zapatista rebellion did not spread regionally or nationwide, but the fact that it happened and that international attention was drawn to this poor region of Mexico just as NAFTA was implemented meant that Salinas's careful plans for a peaceful political transition with his legacy intact were obliterated. At the same time, Salinas was praised by the right wing and by the international community during his first five years in office as a leading figure of globalization and they credited him with "modernizing" the country. In the last years of Zedillo's term, Carlos Salinas returned to Mexico to announce the publication of his book, Mexico: The Policy and the Politics of Modernization. [78] However, this changed when by order of president Zedillo[79] Salinas's older brother Raúl Salinas was arrested on 28 February 1995 under charges of orchestrating the assassination of Ruiz Massieu; the arrest dramatically shifted the political situation. [21] Salinas was a skilled dressage horseman, and was a member of the Mexico national team at the Pan-American Games in Cali, Colombia, in 1971. Bussey, "Carlos Salinas de Gortari", p. 1330. Williams, Mark Eric. Several economists and historians have analyzed some of the events and policy mistakes that precipitated the crisis of December 1994. For Salinas, this had political benefits, since Camacho, having been passed over as the PRI presidential candidate, could have bolted from the party. As of May 2010, Salinas was still living in Dublin, Ireland. His brother Raúl had been arrested in February 1995. https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari?oldid=283040. From the beginning of his administration Salinas de Gortari was constantly criticized by the left (which considered him an illegitimate president who took office by means of electoral fraud) for his neoliberal policies, which increased the unemployment rate and were perceived as giving away the wealth of the nation to foreign ownership. Salinas also renegotiated Mexico's foreign debt. These events included the Zapatista uprising, the assassination of Luis Donaldo Colosio (Salinas's hand-picked successor and PRI candidate for the 1994 presidential elections) and the assassination of José Francisco Ruiz Massieu, Salinas's brother-in-law and PRI Secretary-General. In a 2005 national survey conducted by Parametría, 73% of the respondents had a negative image of Salinas de Gortari, 9% had a positive opinion, and 18% had no opinion about him. [93], Salinas de Gortari remains a highly controversial figure in Mexican history. But Salinas's more peaceful solution Zapatista uprising was legal and politically pragmatic, likely saving many lives in Mexico. [23] He returned to Mexico from the United States in 1995, where he immediately asked his wife for a divorce.

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