The compulsory ultrasound measurements obtained at all visits included the following biometric parameters: biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL), and humerus length (HL). Different kinds of validation procedures were carried out (checking missing values and outliers, cross-checks, cross-time verifications among scanning appointments, and protocol compliance). Furthermore, the study shows that intrauterine growth is influenced by fetal sex and by maternal age, height, weight, and parity, although these influences explain only partially the differences in growth between countries. Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina, Affiliation Parous women had heavier fetuses than nulliparous women, with the disparity being much higher in the lower quantiles of the distribution, of the order of 1% to 3%, significant at the 5% level, and subsiding in the upper quantiles (S1C Fig, without adjusting for country differences). Recently, a large multicenter study, the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of the Intergrowth-21st Project [18], applied the same concept and approach to fetal growth. The 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles for overall EFW, and the 95% confidence intervals for the difference between each country’s percentiles and the overall percentiles at 20, 24, 28, 32, and 36 wk of gestational age. Reliable information on LMP (confirmed by a measurement of crown–rump length), rather than ultrasound measured crown–rump length alone, was used as the basis for gestational age calculation for the following reasons: there is no evidence that ultrasound dating more accurately determines gestational age than a reliable LMP confirmed by crown–rump length; reliable LMP is the basis for establishing crown–rump length charts for dating; crown–rump length dating translates natural variation of size into variation of gestational age, which is not desirable for a study of growth; and LMP, not crown–rump length, is the accessible, low-cost method for gestational age assessment for all women in the world, and for the low-income areas usually the only one. Variation in fetal growth within and between populations should therefore not be ignored. This estimated fetal weight calculator will calculate percentiles as well as the estimated fetal weights based ultrasound data and on many published formulas, including those by Hadlock, Shepard, Woo, Shinozuka, Ott, Combs, Warsof, Campbell, and many others. The India team would like to acknowledge Vatsla Dadhwal. This is very unlikely: recent research has revealed a range of interactions between the developmental environment and genetic and epigenetic processes [9].
Fifty-two participants withdrew consent, and 1,387 participated in the study. To describe growth asymmetry, we used the Bowley coefficient of asymmetry [29], based on differences of semi-quartile ranges relative to the quartile range, for the gestational ages 15 and 40 wk. Yes Hammami A, Mazer Zumaeta A, Syngelaki A, Akolekar R, Nicolaides KH. We thank José de Souza Ramos for his contributions to the programming of descriptive tables and creation of analysis files. Get the latest research from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 2017 Apr;49(4):478-486. doi: 10.1002/uog.17347. The distal femoral epiphysis was excluded. To apply any growth chart sensibly requires insight, critical attitude, and pragmatism. The causes of both can be intrinsic or environmental. Tables 16 and 17 illustrate a similar pattern when compiling the 10th and 90th percentiles for EFW and AC from various relevant high-quality studies available for clinical use.
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